Child labor Essay

Children are the future of the nation. They are flowers of our national garden. It is our duty to protect these flowers. Child labour is a socio-economic problem. Child labour is not a new phenomenon in India. From ancient times, children were required to do some work either at home or in the field along with their parents. However, we find in Manusmriti and Arthashastra that the king made education for every child, boy or girl, compulsory. In those days there was a system of trade of children, who were purchased and converted to slaves by some people. The problem of child labour was identified as a major problem in the 19th century when the first factory was started in mid-19th century. Legislative measures were first adopted as early as 1881. Since independence there have been several laws and regulations regarding child labour. Child labour has been defined as any work done by the children in order to economically benefits their family or themselves directly or indirectly, at the cost of their physical, mental or social development. Child is the loveliest creation of nature. But it is the circumstances which force them to hard labour. They have to earn livelihood from early childhood, stopping their mental development. The nation suffers a net loss of their capacity as mature adults. Child labour is a global problem. It is more common in underdeveloped countries. Child labour, by and large, is a problem of poor and destitute families, where parents cannot afford education of their children. They have to depend on the earning of their children. The prevalence of child labour is a blot on society. It is a national disgrace that millions of children in this country have to spend a major part of their daily routine in hazardous works. The problem of child labour in India is the result of traditional attitudes, urbanisation, industrialisation, migration, lack of education, etc. However, extreme poverty is the main cause of child labour. According to the UNICEF, India is said to have the largest number of world’s working children. Over 90% of them live in rural areas. The participation rate in rural urban areas is  6.3% and 2.5% respectively. According to a recent report, 17 million children in our country are engaged in earning their livelihood. This constitutes 5% of the total child population of the nation. It is about one-third of the total child labourers of the world. In India, working children are engaged in different organised and unorganised sectors, both rural and urban areas. In rural sector, children are engaged in field plantations, domestic jobs, forestry, fishing and cottage industry. In urban sector they are employed at houses, shops, restaurants, small and large industries, transport, communication, garages, etc. In India, working children are also self-employed as newspaper, milk boys, shoeshine boys, rag pickers, rickshaw-pullers, etc. About 78.71% of child workers are engaged in cultivation and agriculture, 6.3% are employed in fishing, hunting and plantation, 8.63% in manufacturing, processing, repairs, house industry, etc., 3.21% in construction, transport, storage, communication and trade and 3.15% in other services. Child Labour is exploited in several ways. Preference of child labour by many employers is mainly due to the fact that it is cheap, safe and without any liability. Many children take up the job just because of the non-availability of schools in their areas and thus rather than sitting idle, they prefer to go to work. Illiteracy and ignorance of parents is also an important factor. These parents do not consider child labour as evil. Child labourers have to work more than adult workers. They are exploited by their employers. There are several constitutional and legal provisions to protect working children. At present there are 14 major acts and laws that provide legal protection to the working children. Notwithstanding, the evils of child labour is on the increase. The biggest cause behind its spread is poverty. It cannot be completely eradicated from society unless its root cause is not addressed. Child labour perpetuates poverty. Child labour is economically unsound, psychologically disastrous and ethically wrong. It should be strictly banned. The general improvement in socio-economic conditions of people will result in gradual elimination of child labour.

Identification of Possible Pathogens in an Office Environment Research Paper

Identification of Possible Pathogens in an Office Environment - Research Paper Example Is there a relationship between working efficiency and pathogenic presence in offices? The disease-causing pathogens lead to various illnesses that may lower the efficiency of personnel in the offices. Due to the reduction in efficiency, the research herein is of a great essentiality. We obtained the isolate by taking a sample of the used Petri plate with Nutrient agar (Ravichandra 37).Thereafter, exposing it to the air in a small office for approximately 1 hour. The Petri plate helped in the collection of a variety of microorganisms. The microorganisms were from surfaces, strictly chairs, desktops and computer mice. The primary purpose of the methodology was to help in identifying a single unknown culture of bacteria to prove whether it is pathogenic or not. The organism I identified via PCR is Dermacoccus nishinomiyaeusis and is non-pathogenic generally regarded as harmless saprophytes (Rose, Joan and Erin 14). It inhabits and contaminates the skin, mucosa, and the pharynx. A Gram-positive coccus locates in tetrads, irregular clusters and cubical agglomerates of eight. It is enzymatic positive and exhibits strictly aerobic metabolic. However, they can be opportunistic disease-causing organisms to the immune-compromised beings. They associated with various infections, including bacteremia, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis, and infections related to ventricular shunts. They occur worldwide and are ubiquitous. They locate on the human skin, marine and fresh water, plants, dust, and air. Rocasermeno, Pablo. "Pressurizing with dust collectors: guidelines on how to apply a concept that is appropriate for mine and plant environments, where dust generated during crushing, screening and conveying must be controlled to protect workers, office spaces and sensitive equipment." E&MJ - Engineering & Mining Journal 2013: 92. General OneFile. Web. 11 Dec.

Proposal for the Renfrey Memorial Hospital Board of Directors Essay

Proposal for the Renfrey Memorial Hospital Board of Directors - Essay Example Quality of service is impacted because the nurse response time to patients increases. The patients also feel that they are not being cared for appropriately. With reduced nursing staff, the workload of the physicians increases further. The hospital’s capacity is impacted because with reduced nursing staff, there is delay is discharge of patients leading to reduction in number of beds available. Many patient care programs also need to be closed down (Buerhaus et.al, 2007). Hospital’s response to nursing staff shortages Most of the hospitals have been implementing two types of solutions for nursing staff shortages – long term and short term solutions. Short-term solutions include increasing their salaries, increasing the bonuses of the nursing staff or filling the vacant positions with temporary staff (May, Bazzoli and Gerland, 2006). Long-term strategies of hospitals include creating favorable working environment and providing opportunities for them to enhance the ir skills (May, Bazzoli and Gerland, 2006). We will discuss both these strategies used by hospitals in greater detail in the ensuing sections. Short-term strategies These include using temporary staffing which involves recruiting nurses on a per day basis on short contracts. These also include using nurses on the move to cover a particular shift (May, Bazzoli and Gerland, 2006). The major problem with these types of recruiting solutions is that they turn out to be very expensive. It also encourages the normal staff to take up more assignments of this type rather than for the permanent job as the former pays better. Another problem with this kind of recruitment practice is the lack of staff quality. This kind of temporary staff cannot be relied for good service quality. Using â€Å"Internal staffing† or â€Å"float pool† is another way of fulfilling temporary staffing needs (May, Bazzoli and Gerland, 2006). Internal staffing solutions are less expensive than staffing th rough external agencies despite the fact that some premium needs to be paid even for recruitment through internal channels. However, this premium is far less than what needs to be paid to external agencies for recruitment. Spartanburg Regional Medical Centre in South Carolina has utilized internal staffing channel very effectively (May, Bazzoli and Gerland, 2006). They allow the internal nursing staff who wish to apply for vacant shifts (to increase their earnings) to apply online at bid rates that are set below the external agency rates but at a premium to the general rates prevailing within the hospital. This helps them to utilize staff that is willing to work extra without compromising on quality as they are all trained and tested employees. At the same time the hospital does not have to force the employees to work extra and then deal with repercussions of overstressed staff. Technology is used very effectively to create an online internet based platform where the employees can a pply and get immediate response. Another short term strategy for fulfilling temporary staffing is by providing higher salaries. This is done not only for the new workforce but also for all previous employees by providing competent increment at all current levels. This has a retaining impact in the short run as external employers may not immediately adjust their

Introduction of My Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction of My Firm - Essay Example timation of property value in comparison with other properties), guide the seller or buyer through the process, necessary paperwork preparation for ‘Sale by Owner’ sellers, appraisal of real estate, exchanging property, property auctioning, leases and contracts preparation and consultancy. Under supply will mean lower prices. As a recent example, negotiators saw fast appreciation as well as a frenzied response by the consumers within the real estate market in US from year 2002 to 2005. The response had been caused by the reason that real estate demand happened to be at all time high at the same time as supply was limited. This demand and supply lead to rapid appreciation, where sellers of homes received multiple offers in a matter of days or even hours (ALTOS, 2014). There was a time within the same period when Southern California homes sold at 18% on average above listed price, the outcome of this market condition within which demand outstripped supply. In July 2014, there were just more than 1,400,000 residential properties within the market which is low. In 2013 houses for sale inventory raised and it is now increasing slightly throughout the country. ALTOS estimates that in 2015 supply will rise by 10% or about 1,600,000 active for sale properties will be availabl e in the market as at July 2015. That means that prices for properties will go down with time (ALTOS, 2014). In 2010, the required time for sale was t peak indicating high demand hence prices changed significantly. In 2012 and 2013 when there was high demand, only few properties required price reductions. Property crises throughout the United States are poised for a 5th consecutive year for recovery (ALTOS, 2014). There is still low supply while demand remains healthy due to expanding economy as well as other factors. Both demand and supply conditions are moving to healthy conditions, from extreme bullish conditions (ALTOS, 2014). A significant trait of demand curve happens to be the sensitivity

Are two sets of GAAP really needed for Colleges and Universities Research Paper

Are two sets of GAAP really needed for Colleges and Universities - Research Paper Example This resulted in difference in accounting procedures and financial reporting models adopted by the private institutions as compared to the public institutions which followed fund-based reporting. Later with the introduction of GASB in 1984, public institutions abandoned fund-based reporting to adopt the GASB guidance to conform to federal government directive. This has led to difference in the comparability of the financial statements where to institutions uses different rules and procedures in financial reporting (Hoyle, et al 831). The user of independent university and colleges are mainly rating agencies, donors, students, parents and federal agencies. The FASB provides for recognition of contribution, pledges, impairments and investments. These disclosures are important to the stakeholders in making decisions. On the other hand GASB does not allow for of contributed services, trusts, capitalization of software and pledges, are not necessary since the stake holders are interested in such disclosures. Therefore, the two set of GAAPs does not allow comparability between the public university and independent institutions (Ruppel 563). As delineated above both the FASB and GASB occasion disparity in display, disclosure, measurement and recognition thus challenging the comparability of financial statement. This occasions difficulties in ascertaining the transparency in financial reporting between the two similar institutions. Although both public and private universities and colleges objectives are similar, they differ on interested stakeholders who may require different disclosures to be made in the financial statements. Therefore, the financial statement and the disclosures should be tailor made to meet the need of the stakeholders. In conclusion, if the two boards could harmonize the measurements, display, disclosure and recognition of the financial reporting model and

Anthropology 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anthropology 11 - Essay Example He illustrates his stand with the examples of the theories surrounding the evolution of man by starting with the rather shocking theory that we all as humans originate from the continent of Africa This topic is very important to biological and physical anthropology because it explains why we are all so different racially and genetically and seeks to explain with the help of many theories whether Darwin's theory is actually right in saying that as humans we have only recently evolved from apes. He compares the "originate in Africa thesis" with the "out of Africa thesis" where he is trying to explain the origin of our genetics and evolution. The author uses the technique of taking up many hypotheses and theories and assessing their truth and in the end he gives his verdict in the favour of the theory given by Darwin, the Out of Africa hypothesis. " This theory maintains that modern humans evolved in Africa and then spread around the world. Boiled down to its essence, the hypothesis states that modern humans are both relatively recent (100,000 to 200,000 years old) and African in origin. A major prediction of this hypothesis is that the earliest remains of modern humans will be found in Africa, dated to an appropriate time period." The author goes on to discuss the " Multiregional hypothesis" which he argues depicts that we as modern humans evolved from different locations and hence our racial and genetic differences. According to this school of thought "these regional populations evolved along parallel paths and reached modernity at roughly the same time. Because the populations were largely isolated from one another, they developed distinctive regional features, which people recognize today as "racial" differences." ( Multiregionalists believe that Neandertals, originate from the European continent.) He then goes on to say how there are three different recent researches go in the favour of the Darwinian view and oppose the Multiregionalists view which he addresses one by one as: The east african population has been found to be so diverse that the genetic composition of the population" shows that these lineages are very diverse and humans did evolve from these areas.Most of the worlds oldest lineages were found there d 170,000 years ago. Secondly because of the discovery of the "African Herto skullsthe Herto specimens (are) the earliest modern Homo sapiens yet found-direct ancestors of people living today." He concludes that the Neandertals' DNA was not closer to that of the modern Europeans. "The work was a strong blow to the theory that humans evolved in several places simultaneously. "Neandertals cannot represent a regional European transition from Homo erectus to modern Homo sapiens" 4. Did the author address any contrary evidence or the opinions/work of others that run counter the author(s) claims Although he devotes his entire discussion to proving the multiregionalists wrong he does refer to the possibility of " mtDNA contamination from researchers or others who have handled the fossils" but he is quick to provide evidence to suggest otherwise. He does give the multiregional theory its fair share of discussion though.. 5. What were the strengths and/or weaknesses of the author(s) argument

Report on Tesco as a retailer Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Tesco as a retailer - Lab Report Example pread over different countries of the world and has become the third largest retailer after Wal-Mart and Carrefour (TIMELINE-Tescos rise to worlds third largest retailer, November 2007). Tesco has been a consumer or customer centric organization and has gained much important information about their behavior through innovative methods. It has devised many new schemes which would initiates customer behavior which was profitable from the group’s perspective. It launched ‘Club card’ which was used to collect information about the customer or the consumer. These would be highly analysed to gain deep understanding of the consumer behaviors based upon which the company forms its strategies and other plans (Humby C., et al, 2003). Though an International retailer now, yet Tesco’s core market lies in the UK which even accounts for 755 of the total sales and profit of the group. In UK Tesco have 2100 stores and 280000 employees working. Thouh primarily a Food retailer Tesco has also diversified into non-food retail also which is also a part of its overall strategy. The group has got four main retail formats under which it functions and also a fifth one which is on the trial stage and is known as Homeplus. Some of the key pointer the group keeps in mind in context of its retail operations is its continued investment in innovation in terms of new product lines which would satisfy the customers. In this context it has launched various in-house brands like Value, Finest, Free From, Healthy Living, Wholefoods and others to cater to a wide range of consumers. They also follow a labelling system for their packages which contain all pertinent nutritional information and which helps the customer’s decision making. Express, Metro, Superstore and Extra are the names of Tesco’s primary formats and added to this is their trial format known as Homeplus (Core UK, 2009; Store Formats, 2009). Besides food retail Tesco also focuses on non-food retail. Under non-food retail the